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學(xué)術(shù)報告廳


學(xué) 術(shù) 報 告 廳
譯者:王少玲(哈爾濱醫科大學(xué)公共衛生學(xué)院,哈爾濱 150001)

母乳喂養對嬰兒和母親的長(cháng)期影響
Longterm effects of breastfeeding on the infant and mother

摘 要:越來(lái)越多的證據表明,母乳喂養對嬰兒有長(cháng)期有利影響。最重要的是可改善認知發(fā)育,降低免疫相關(guān)疾病(如1型糖尿病和炎性腸病)和兒童期腫瘤的發(fā)病率。另一重要益處在于降低母親患乳腺癌的風(fēng)險。
  關(guān)鍵詞:母乳喂養;長(cháng)期影響;認知功能;生長(cháng);心血管影響;免疫系統;過(guò)敏反應;母體效應

1 前言
  母乳喂養對孩子具有多種好處并可影響許多生理機制。不只是短期影響,而且會(huì )影響生命后期。許多健康益處顯示出劑量應答關(guān)系,即母乳喂養持續時(shí)間越長(cháng)則益處越大。世界衛生組織推薦的最佳純母乳喂養持續時(shí)間為6個(gè)月1。這是經(jīng)過(guò)系統評價(jià)來(lái)自發(fā)達國家和發(fā)展中國家的研究,比較不同母乳喂養時(shí)間嬰兒的生長(cháng)、發(fā)育、發(fā)病率和死亡率得出的結果2。這篇文章的目的是簡(jiǎn)要綜述母乳喂養對嬰兒和母親健康的影響,著(zhù)重強調其長(cháng)期影響。母乳喂養對兒童期肥胖的影響見(jiàn)本期第26頁(yè)。
2 方法
  檢驗母乳喂養的影響主要是根據觀(guān)察研究,實(shí)際上是無(wú)規則的將嬰兒隨機分為母乳喂養和配方喂養。目前方法中的難題是可能存在誤差原因,如混雜設計、相反的因果關(guān)系和選擇偏倚,因為社會(huì )地位和母親受教育程度強烈地關(guān)系到母乳喂養的持續時(shí)間和一些研究結果。但最近15年已通過(guò)改進(jìn)設計和更好地控制有關(guān)的混雜設計進(jìn)而改善觀(guān)察研究的質(zhì)量。
3 認知發(fā)育
  許多研究發(fā)現母乳喂養與認知發(fā)育相關(guān)。對6月齡和15歲之間兒童進(jìn)行的一項meta-分析報道了控制可能的混雜因素之后3.2 IQ點(diǎn)的全部影響3。這種影響對早產(chǎn)兒較強。這與母乳喂養持續時(shí)間存在明顯的劑量-反應關(guān)系,而且影響似乎不依賴(lài)于結果測定時(shí)所處的年齡。一項研究認為這種影響可持續到生命后期,因為已經(jīng)發(fā)現母乳喂養持續時(shí)間和智力呈正相關(guān),其中一組人群為男性(平均年齡18.7),另一組人群為男性和女性(平均年齡27.2)4。兩組采用不同的智商測驗。
  母乳喂養對精神功能影響的最可能合理解釋為母乳與嬰兒配方相比含有較多的長(cháng)鏈多不飽和脂肪酸(LCPUFA),尤其是n-3脂肪酸和二十二碳六烯酸(DHA),DHA在嬰兒期聚積在神經(jīng)膜中5-7。早產(chǎn)兒較低的LCPUFA狀況支持這一機制。盡管認知功能對個(gè)體影響不大,它可能對總體水平具有重要影響。
4 生長(cháng)
  母乳喂養嬰兒通常表現出不同于配方喂養嬰兒的生長(cháng)模式。母乳喂養嬰兒的體重增加較低,一些研究中發(fā)現身長(cháng)增加也受影響。此外,12月齡的母乳喂養嬰兒脂肪一般少于配方喂養嬰兒8,9。關(guān)于母乳喂養嬰兒生長(cháng)緩慢的不利后果未有報道。
5 免疫系統及其功能障礙
  母乳含有許多免疫因子,使嬰兒被動(dòng)預防感染。最重要的免疫相關(guān)因子為B細胞和T細胞、巨噬細胞、中性粒細胞、分泌性免疫球蛋白A(sIgA)、細胞活素類(lèi)、雙歧因子、溶菌酶、低聚糖和乳鐵蛋白10,11。母乳喂養還能刺激嬰兒自身免疫系統:母乳喂養嬰兒的胸腺較大12,尿中sIgA濃度較高13,接種某種疫苗后也應答較高的抗體水平14。似乎這種刺激具有長(cháng)期效應。
  母乳喂養嬰兒傳染病的發(fā)病率低于配方喂養嬰兒。母乳喂養能最有效防止胃腸道感染,呼吸道感染也減少15,16。另有報道可防止3歲之前的尿路感染和中耳炎10,17。
  母乳喂養在過(guò)敏反應發(fā)生中的作用通常被視為最顯著(zhù)的優(yōu)勢之一。母乳喂養可防止牛奶過(guò)敏反應18,對其他過(guò)敏性疾病如特應性皮炎和哮喘的效果不甚明確。在一項系統評價(jià)母乳喂養和支氣管哮喘預期性研究的meta分析中報道母乳喂養可使哮鳴和哮喘發(fā)病率降低30%。如果有哮喘家族史則效果更明顯19。最近的結論認為母乳喂養似乎對特應性疾病具有正面效應,并且這種效應在特應性疾病家族更顯著(zhù)20。然而,另有兩項研究報道母乳喂養沒(méi)有完全效應。按家族過(guò)敏史將兒童分組,觀(guān)察到雙親致敏對兒童有保護效應,反之雙親不致敏兒童發(fā)生特應性皮炎的風(fēng)險有輕微增加21,22。
  腹部疾病或持續性谷蛋白敏感性腸病是一種免疫性疾病。如果在母乳喂養時(shí)逐漸在飲食中添加含谷蛋白食品可降低發(fā)病風(fēng)險23。
  在其他免疫相關(guān)性疾病中,有報道母乳喂養可降低克隆病和潰瘍性結腸炎風(fēng)險,但母乳喂養是否為這些疾病發(fā)生的主要原因還不清楚24,25。還有報道母乳喂養防止發(fā)生多發(fā)性硬化和類(lèi)風(fēng)濕性關(guān)節炎26。利用供者人乳與配方乳比較似乎前者可降低早產(chǎn)兒發(fā)生壞死性小腸結腸炎的風(fēng)險27。
6 1型糖尿病
  遺傳和環(huán)境因素導致1型糖尿病的發(fā)生。大量研究報道了母乳喂養的保護效應,而使用配方乳和添加食品似乎可增加患病風(fēng)險24。此外,早期快速生長(cháng)也增加1型糖尿病的風(fēng)險,并且不依賴(lài)其他的危險因素,早期使用配方乳28, 29。一項多個(gè)實(shí)驗中心進(jìn)行的研究發(fā)現,從未接受母乳喂養的非母乳喂養的兒童在調整生長(cháng)模式后可使其1型糖尿病的風(fēng)險率降低40%29。有研究認為母乳中的LCPUFA可改善β細胞抵抗30。
7 心血管疾病
  因母乳中含有膽固醇,母乳喂養嬰兒血清膽固醇濃度高于配方喂養嬰兒,而一旦母乳喂養結束則不存在這種現象。母乳喂養的嬰兒成年后血清膽固醇水平較低31。meta分析報道母乳喂養則生命后期收縮壓較低的結果與此一致。但全身差別僅為1.1 mmHg,臨床意義不大32。另有個(gè)別研究報道母乳喂養有減小動(dòng)脈擴張性的不利效應33。此外,兩項新研究發(fā)現,母乳喂養影響心血管疾病發(fā)病率無(wú)確實(shí)根據34, 35。
8 腫瘤
  兩項meta分析認為,母乳喂養可輕微降低兒童白血病36和其他兒童期腫瘤37風(fēng)險率。母乳喂養對所有的腫瘤具有相似的保護效應,因在大多數研究中不能排除母乳的非特異性效應或系統偏差。
9 對母親的影響
  防止乳腺癌是母乳喂養對母親健康最明顯的影響。一項meta分析顯示,每12個(gè)月母乳喂養乳腺癌的相對危險度下降4.3%,而每產(chǎn)一胎其發(fā)病的相對危險度減低7%38。

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