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學(xué)術(shù)報告廳

The Canadian health claims for calcium, vitamin D and osteoporosis

付佳1,2 楊月欣1

(1 中國疾病預防控制中心營(yíng)養與食品安全所,北京100050

2 四川大學(xué)華西分校衛生學(xué)院營(yíng)養與食品衛生系,成都610044)

摘要:加拿大為了給關(guān)于鈣的健康聲稱(chēng)的確證提供證據,對美國鈣與骨質(zhì)疏松的健康聲稱(chēng),以及自聲稱(chēng)提出以來(lái)所發(fā)表的科學(xué)文獻進(jìn)行了評價(jià),以便判斷這些證據是否依然有效,并推薦更合理的聲稱(chēng)用語(yǔ)。目前,加拿大已經(jīng)提出以下聲稱(chēng):補充充足的膳食鈣和維生素D,并進(jìn)行規律的體育鍛煉,可以增強體格、預防骨質(zhì)疏松癥的發(fā)生。同時(shí)要求,做出聲稱(chēng)的食物每份提供的鈣至少為200mg,而磷含量(除去六磷酸肌醇所提供的)必須低于鈣含量。

關(guān)鍵詞:鈣;骨質(zhì)疏松癥;維生素D;健康聲稱(chēng)


Abstract: To provide evidence for or against allowing a health claims for calcium in Canada, we undertook a review of the current U.S. health claims for calcium and osteoporosis, and also reviewed the scientific literature published since that health claims was first proposed and reviewed by the U.S. Our objectives were 1) to determine if the science behind the claims was still valid, and if so,2) to recommend any new wording to the claims, if warranted, prior to implementation in Canada. Based on a review of the evidence related to the various claims elements, the following health claims for calcium has been established in Canada: A healthy diet with adequate calcium and vitamin D, and regular physical activity, help to achieve strong bones and may reduce the risk of osteoporosis. The compositional criteria for foods bearing this claims are that the food must provide at least 200mg calcium per serving and that the phosphorus content (excluding that provided by phytate) must be less than the calcium content.

Keywords: calcium; osteoporosis;vitamin D; health claims

1 前言

骨質(zhì)疏松癥是以骨組織顯微結構受損,骨礦成分和骨基質(zhì)等比例地不斷減少,骨質(zhì)變薄,骨小梁數量減少,骨脆性增加和骨折危險度升高的一種全身骨代謝障礙的疾病。機體的骨質(zhì)越多,其發(fā)生骨質(zhì)疏松癥的危險性就越小[1-3]。骨質(zhì)疏松性骨折是多因素造成的結果,其中低鈣和維生素D缺乏是已明確的危險因素[3]。加拿大進(jìn)行的全國性調查中,18-49歲男性鈣平均攝入量超過(guò)適宜攝入量AI(1000mg),而女性低于適宜攝入量;50歲及以上人群也低于適宜攝入量(1200mg)[4]。

1993年FDA批準了鈣-骨質(zhì)疏松癥的健康聲稱(chēng):常規鍛煉和充足的膳食鈣可以促進(jìn)白人及亞洲青少年和年輕女性的骨骼發(fā)育,以及降低骨質(zhì)疏松癥的危險性[5]。加拿大為了給鈣與骨質(zhì)疏松健康聲稱(chēng)的確證提供證據,國家衛生部對自聲稱(chēng)提出以來(lái)所發(fā)表的科學(xué)文獻,以及美國FDA在1991年所做的綜述[6]進(jìn)行了評價(jià),以判斷這些證據是否依然有效,并推薦更合理的聲稱(chēng)用語(yǔ)。

2 對“鈣-骨質(zhì)疏松癥”證據的評價(jià)

自FDA提出鈣降低骨質(zhì)疏松癥發(fā)生危險性的聲稱(chēng)以來(lái),大量干預試驗和橫斷面研究都支持該聲稱(chēng)。在兒童及青少年中進(jìn)行的很多給予鈣補充劑的隨機對照研究中,還得到了鈣與相關(guān)營(yíng)養素的參考攝入量(DRI)[7-11]。總的看來(lái),臨床實(shí)驗表明:增加鈣的攝入,尤其是兒童習慣性攝入<1000mg/d的鈣,有利于骨礦物質(zhì)密度的增加。

然而,通過(guò)文獻檢索并未發(fā)現關(guān)于年輕人(19-50歲)鈣或維生素D的對照試驗,而這個(gè)年齡段(除了絕經(jīng)前后婦女)的觀(guān)察性研究也基本上沒(méi)有。盡管如此,對所收集的研究進(jìn)行的meta-分析表明,鈣的攝入與骨質(zhì)量的改善存在明顯的相關(guān)性[12]。大量研究顯示,體育鍛煉對19-50歲人群鈣與骨質(zhì)疏松關(guān)系的影響是一個(gè)非常重要的因素[13-15]。而對于絕經(jīng)后婦女,絕經(jīng)后第一年補充鈣來(lái)預防骨質(zhì)丟失優(yōu)于隨后幾年[16-19]。老年人群隨機對照試驗發(fā)現,除了改善骨礦物質(zhì)密度,補鈣還可以降低骨折的發(fā)生[20-23]。

對維持骨健康來(lái)說(shuō),維生素D是一種非常重要的營(yíng)養素。在加拿大,維生素D強化奶和人造黃油成為膳食維生素D的主要來(lái)源。有報道指出,加拿大人群維生素D的水平并不理想[24,25]。很多研究表明,應該同時(shí)補充維生素D和鈣。因此,批準鈣的健康聲稱(chēng)還要考慮到維生素D。

3 加拿大聲稱(chēng)的表述

FDA批準的鈣-骨質(zhì)疏松癥聲稱(chēng)包括7個(gè)要素,加拿大在提出自己的聲稱(chēng)時(shí)分別對這幾個(gè)要素進(jìn)行了評價(jià)。第一個(gè)要素,就是常規鍛煉和健康飲食。鍛煉對保持骨健康至關(guān)重要,單獨補充鈣而缺乏鍛煉以及缺乏其他必需營(yíng)養素并不能預防骨質(zhì)丟失。第二個(gè)要素是所說(shuō)的“足夠的鈣”。雖然大量證據表明適宜攝入量AI可以預防老年人骨質(zhì)丟失,保證兒童、青少年骨量峰值正常發(fā)育,但是“適量充足的鈣”一般指的是DRI值。第三個(gè)要素是聲稱(chēng)的年齡限制。加拿大的聲稱(chēng)并沒(méi)有進(jìn)行年齡限制,把目標人群定義在青少年和年輕人。第四個(gè)要素是種族限制。雖然白種人和亞洲人比非洲-美洲人更容易患骨質(zhì)疏松癥[26],但這并不適用于加拿大,而所有人種在患骨質(zhì)疏松癥上都具有一定程度的風(fēng)險。因此,在加拿大人種不能成為一個(gè)限定因素。第五個(gè)要素是性別限制。FDA做出的聲稱(chēng)人群限定為婦女,而在加拿大并沒(méi)有體現出該限定。最后兩個(gè)要素是“保持骨骼健康”和“可以降低骨質(zhì)疏松癥發(fā)生的危險性”。考慮到維生素D的重要作用,尤其是對兒童和老年人,維生素D可以提高鈣的利用率,因此,加拿大所做的聲稱(chēng)也把這一點(diǎn)納入其中。

鑒于上述幾點(diǎn),加拿大在制定聲稱(chēng)是需要考慮以下方面。首先,兒童、青少年和老人是最需要補鈣的人群。其次,由于加拿大地區日照限制,無(wú)法滿(mǎn)足維生素D的需要量,因此還需要補充膳食維生素D。

4 聲稱(chēng)應用的限制

美國關(guān)于鈣的健康聲稱(chēng)限定了食品中磷含量、鈣含量和生物利用率。另外,食品不得超出所規定的營(yíng)養素含量,而且要含有適量的必要營(yíng)養素。在加拿大,要求磷含量(除去六磷酸肌醇所提供的)必須低于鈣含量[27]。FDA聲稱(chēng)中鈣的含量為200mg[5,28]。在加拿大,高鈣膳食或鈣最佳來(lái)源的含量指的是165mg,而健康聲稱(chēng)的鈣含量也是200mg。加拿大對生物利用率聲稱(chēng)中并沒(méi)有明確規定,只是要求鈣強化食品必須滿(mǎn)足強化標準。

在成分限定方面,加拿大更多的是選擇、確定恰當的可以進(jìn)行食品強化的食物,但關(guān)于鈣的健康聲稱(chēng)中并沒(méi)有體現該點(diǎn)。

5 小結

基于聲稱(chēng)各要素相關(guān)證據的評價(jià),目前加拿大實(shí)施的健康聲稱(chēng)是[29]:含有充足鈣和維生素D的健康膳食,以及常規體育鍛煉,可以增強體格、降低骨質(zhì)疏松癥發(fā)生的危險性;聲稱(chēng)的食物每份提供的鈣至少為200mg,而磷含量(除去六磷酸肌醇所提供的)必須低于鈣含量。

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